Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the misdiagnosis status of the otolaryngology in China as well as to provide evidence to reduce misdiagnosis and improve the diagnostic level.Method: The retrieval and management system of the misdiagnosed diseases database developed by Chen Xiaohong was used for searching the literature of the misdiagnosis in otolaryngology. The 10 years' misdiagnosis literature data of the otolaryngology(from 2004 to 2013) were analyzed including the literature sources, sample size, misdiagnosis rate, misdiagnosis consequences and misdiagnosis reasons.Result: A total of 369 articles were found, including 4 211 cases. The average misdiagnosis rate was 25.43% in 51 diagnosed diseases. The top misdiagnosed diseases were nasopharyngeal tuberculosis(84.76%), tuberculous otitis media (75%) and congenital laryngeal cyst(75%). The lowest misdiagnosed disease was nasosinusitis(5.92%). The top three misdiagnosed diseases were tuberculosis of otolaryngology(1 216 cases), nasosinusitis(710 cases) and BPPV(697 cases). After statistical analysis, we found that 97.22% of the misdiagnosed patients were gradeⅢconsequences (that is the misdiagnosis and mistreatment does not cause adverse consequences), but there were still 10 cases caused gradeⅠconsequences(death or sequela).The main causes of the misdiagnosis were lack of diagnosis experience, non detailed interrogation and physical examination and non targeted examinations.Conclusion: The big data of the 10 years reflects the misdiagnosis phenomenon in otolaryngology to some extent. Neurologist, stomatologist and ophthalmologist should be familiar to the main points of the differential diagnosis diseases of the otolaryngology and strive to reduce the clinical misdiagnosis and mistreatment.